Unit 1
  
Text
    A young man finds that strolling along the streets without an obvious purpose can lead to trouble with the law. One misunderstanding leads to another until eventually he must appear in court for trial……

        A Brush with the Law

    I have only once been in trouble with the law. The whole process of being arrested and taken to court was a rather unpleasant experience at the time, but it makes a good story now. What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 
    In happened in February about twelve years ago. I had left school a couple of months before that and was not due to go to university until the following October. I was still living at home at the time.
    One morning I was in Richmond, a suburb of London near where I lived. I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go travelling. As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall.
    It was about half past eleven when it happened. I was just walking out of the local library, having unsuccessfully sought employment there, when I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me. I thought he was going to ask me the time. Instead, he said he was a police officer and he was arresting me. At first I thought it was some kind of joke. But then another policeman appeared, this time in uniform, and I was left in no doubt.
    'But what for?' I asked.
    "Wandering with intent to commit an arrestable offence,' he said.
    'What offence?' I asked.
    'Theft,' he said.
    'Theft of what?' I asked.
    'Milk bottles,' he said, and with a perfectly straight face too!
    'Oh,' I said.
    It turned out there had been a lot of petty thefts in the area, particularly that of stealing milk bottles from doorsteps.
    Then I made my big mistake. At the time I was nineteen, had long untidy hair, and regarded myself as part of the sixties' 'youth countercultrue. As a result, I want to appear cool and unconcerned with the incident, so I said, 'How long have you been following me?' in the most casual and conversation tone I could manage. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.
    A few minutes later a police car arrived.
    'Get in the back," they said. 'Put your hands on the back of the front seat and don't move them.'
    They got in on either side of me. I wasn't funny any more.
    At the police station they questioned me for several hours. I continued to try to look worldly and au fait with the situation. When they asked me what I had been doing, I told them I'd been looking for a job. 'Aha,' I could see them thinking, 'unemployed'.
    Eventually, I was officially charged and told to report to Richmond Magistrates' Court the following Monday. Then they let me go.
    I wanted to conduct my own defence in court, but as soon as my father found out what had happened, he hired a very good solicitor. We went along that Monday armed with all kinds of witnesses, including my English teacher from school as a character witness. But he was never called on to give evidence. My 'trial' didn't get that far. The magistrate dismissed the case after fifteen minutes. I was free. The poor police had never stood a chance. The solicitor even succeeded in getting costs awarded against the police.
    And so I do not have a criminal record. But what was most shocking at the time was the things my release from the charge so clearly depended on. I had the 'right' accent, respectable middle-class parents in court, reliable witnesses, and I could obviously afford a very good solicitor. Given the obscure nature of the charge, I feel sure that if I had come from a different background, and had really been unemployed, there is every chance that I would have been found guilty. While asking for costs to be awarded, my solicitor's case quite obviously revolved around the fact that I had a 'brilliant academic record'.
    Meanwhile, just outside the courtroom, one of the policemen who had arrested me was gloomily complaining to my mother that another youngster had been turned against the police. 'You could have been a bit more helpful when we arrested you,' he said to me reproachfully.
    What did the mean? Presumably that I should have looked outraged and said something like, 'Look here, do you know who you're talking to? I am a highly successful student with a brilliant academic record. How dare you arrest me!' Then they, presumably, would have apologized, perhaps even taken off their caps, and let me on my way.

             NEW WORDS
    brush
n.  brief fight or encounter 小冲突；小接触

    process
n.  course; method, esp. one used in manufacture 过程；制作法

    arbitrary
a.  based on one's own opinion only, not on reason 任意的；武断的

    circumstance
n.  (usu. pl.) conditions, facts, etc. connected with an event or person 情况，环境

    subsequent
a.  following, later 随后的，接下去的

    fate
n.  what will happen or happened to sb. or sth. 命运

    due
a.  expected; supposed (to) 预期的；约定的；到期的

    temporary
a.  lasting only for a limited time 暂时的

    stroll
a.  walk at leisure 散步，闲逛

    obvious
a.  easily seen or understood; clear 明显的，显而易见的

    downfall
n.  ruin 垮台；衰落

    employment
n.  one's regular work or occupation; job 职业；工作

    wander
vi. move about without a purpose 闲逛；漫游

    commit
vt. do (sth. wrong, bad, or unlawful)干（坏事），犯（错误、罪）

    arrestable
a.  deserving to be arrested

    offence (AmE offense)
n.  crime; the hurting of feelings; something unpleasant 罪行；冒犯；不愉快的事

    straight face
    a face or expression that shows no emotion, humor, or thought 板着的脸
    petty
a.  small; unimportant 小的；不足道的

    doorstep
n.  a step in front of a door

    regard
vt. consider in the stated way 把……看作；把认为(as)

    counterculture
n.  a culture, esp. of the young who oppose the traditional standards and customs of their society 反主流文化

    unconcerned
a.  not worried; untroubled; indifferent 无忧虑的；淡漠的

    casual 
a.  careless; informal 漫不经心的，随便的

    conversational
a.  of or commonly used in talking 会话（用）的

    confirm
vt. make certain; support 证实，肯定；确定

    belief
n.  something believed; trust 相信；信念；信仰

    thoroughly
ad. completely; in every way 完全地，彻底地

    thorough  a.

    disreputable
a.  having or showing a bad character; having a bad name 声名狼籍的

    worldly
a.  experienced in the ways of society 老于世故的

    au fait
a.  (F) familiar 熟悉的；精通的

    aha
int. a cry of surprise, satisfaction, etc. 啊哈！

    magistrate 
n.  civil officer acting as a judge in the lowest courts 地方法官

    conduct
vt. direct the course of; manage 处理；主持；引导；指挥

    defence (AmE defense)
n.  the act of defending in court the person who has been charged 辨护

    solicitor
n.  (esp. in Britain) lawyer who advises clients on legal matters and speaks on their behalf in lower courts （初级）律师

    witness
n.  a person who gives evidence in a court of law; sth. serving as evidence or proof 证人；证据

    trial
n.  the act or fact of examining and deciding a civil or criminal case by a law court 审判

    dismiss
vt. (of a judge) stop (a court case) 驳回，对……不予受理

    cost
n.  (pl.) the cost of having  a matter settled in a law court. esp. that paid to the winning party by the losing party 诉讼费

    award
vt. give by a decision in court of law; give or grant by  an official decision 判给；授予

    accent
n.  way of speaking typical of the natives or residents of a region, or of any other group 口音；腔调

    respectable
a.  deserving respect 值得尊敬的

    reliable
a.  that may be relied or depended upon 可靠的，可信赖的

    given
prep. taking into account; if allowed or provided with 考虑到；假定

    obscure
a.  not clearly seen or understood 模糊的；晦涩的

    guilty
a.  having broken a law; showing or feeling that one has done wrong 有罪的；内疚的

    revolve
v.  (cause to) go round in a circle （使）旋转

    brilliant
a.  causing great admiration or satisfaction; splendid 辉煌的；卓越的

    courtroom
n.  a room where a law court is held 审判室

    meanwhile
ad. during the same period of time 同时

    gloomily
ad. depressedly, dejectedly 忧郁地；沮丧地

    complain
vi. speak in an unhappy, annoyed, dissatisfied way 抱怨

    complaint  n.
  
    reproachfully
ad. 责备地

    presumably
ad. probably

    outrage
vt. arouse anger or resentment by injury or insult 引起……的气愤

    successful
a.  having done what one has tried to do; having gained a high position in life, one's job. etc. 成功的；有成就的

    apologize
vi. say one is sorry 道歉，谢罪

    apology  n.

         PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  take sb. to court
  start an action in law against sb. 对某人提出诉讼

  a couple of
  (informal) a small number of, a few, usually two 少数，几（个）； 一对

  save up
  keep for future use; put money away in the form of savings 储蓄

  take one's time
  do sth. in a leisurely manner; not hurry 慢慢来，不着急

  at first
  at the beginning 起先

  turn out
  prove to be 结果；证明是

  call on
  ask (sb.) to do sth. esp. formally 要求

  stand a chance 
  have an opportunity; be likely to do or get sth. 有机会，有希望

  revolve around
  have as a center or main subject

  turn against 
  (cause to) oppose, be hostile to

          PROPER NAMES
  Richmond
  里士满（英国地名）

  Richmond Magistrates' Court 
  里士满地方法院

             Unit 2
   
Text
    Aunt Bettie is faced with a difficult decision. A wounded Union soldier is found hiding in a farmhouse near her home. She has to decide whether to help him or let him be captured. What will she choose to do?

     The Woman Who Would Not Tell

                   Janice Keyser Lester
    "I never did hate the Yankees. All that hated was the war.……"
    That's how my great-aunt Bettie began her story. I heard it many times as a child, whenever my family visited Aunt Bettie in the old house in Berryville, Virginia. Aunt Bettie was almost 80 years old then. But I could picture her as she was in the story she told me —— barely 20, pretty, with bright blue eyes.
    Bettie Van Metre had good reason to hate the Civil War. One of her brother was killed at Gettysburg, another taken prisoner. Then her young husband, James, a Confederate officer, was captured and sent to an unknown prison camp somewhere. 
    One hot day in late September Dick Runner, a former slave, came to Bettie with a strange report. He had been checking a farmhouse half a mile away from the Van Metre home, a farmhouse he thought was empty. But inside, he heard low groans. Following them to the attic, he found a wounded Union soldier, with a rifle at his side.
    When Aunt Bettie told me about her first sight of the bearded man in the stained blue uniform, she always used the same words. "It was like walking into a nightmare: those awful bandages, that dreadful smell. That's what war is really like, child: no bugles and banners. Just pain and filth, futility and death."
     To Bettie Van Metre this man was not an enemy but rather a suffering human being. She gave him water and tried to clean his terrible wounds. Then she went out into the cool air and leaned against the house, trying not to be sick as she thought of what she had seen —— that smashed right hand, that missing left leg.
    The man's papers Bettie found in the attic established his identity: Lt. Henry Bedell, Company D, 11th Vermont Volunteers, 30 year old. She knew that she should report the presence of this Union officer to the Confederate army. But she also knew that she would not do it. This is how she explained it to me: "I kept wondering if he had a wife somewhere, waiting, and hoping, and not knowing —— just as I was. It seemed to me that the only thing that mattered was to get her husband back to her."
    Slowly, patiently, skillfully, James Van Metre's wife fanned the spark of life that flickered in Henry Bedell. Of drugs or medicines she had almost none. And she was not willing to take any from the few supplies at the Confederate hospital. But she did the best she could with what she had.
     As his strength returned, Bedell told Bettie about his wife and children in Westfield, Vermont. And BedelL listened as she told him about her brothers and about James. "I knew his wife must be praying for him," Aunt Bettie would say to me, "just as I was praying for James. It was strange how close I felt to her."
     The October nights in the valley grew cold. The infection in Bedell's wounds flared up. With Dick and his wife, Jennie, helping, she moved the Union officer at night, to a bed in a hidden loft above the warm kitchen of her own home.
    But the next day, Bedell had a high fever. Knowing that she must get help or he would die, she went to her long-time friend and family doctor. Graham Osborne.
    Dr. Osborne examined Bedell, then shook his head. There was little hope, he said, unless proper medicine could be found.
    "All right, then," Bettie said. "I'll get it from the Yankees at Harpers Ferry."
    The doctor told her she was mad. The Union headquarters were almost 20 miles away. Even if she reached them, the Yankees would never believe her story.
    "I'll take proof," Bettie said. She went to the loft and came back with a blood-stained paper bearing the official War Department seal. "This is a record of his last promotion," she said. "When I show it, they'll have to believe me."
    She made the doctor writer out list of the medical items he needed. Early the next morning she set off.
    For five hours she drove, stopping only to rest her horse. The sun was almost down when she finally stood before the commanding officer at Harpers Ferry.
    Gen. John D. Stevenson listened, but did not believe her. "Madam," he said, "Bedell's death was reported to us."
    "He's alive," Bettie insisted. "But he won't be much longer unless he has the medicines on that list."
    "Well," the general said finally, "I'm not going to risk the lives of a patrol just to find out." He turned to a junior officer. "See that Mrs. Van Metre gets the supplies." He brushed aside Bettie's thanks. "You're a brave woman," he said, "whether you're telling the truth or not."
    With the medicines that Bettie carried to Berryville, Dr. Osborne brought Bedell through the crisis. Ten days later Bedell was hobbling on a pair of crutches that Dick had made for him. "I can't go on putting you in danger," Bedell told Bettie. "I'm strong enough to travel now. I'd lie to go back as soon as possible."
    So it was arranged that Mr. Sam, one of Bettie's neighbors and friends, should go and help Bettie deliver Bedeel to Union headquarters at Harpers Ferry in his wagon.
    They hitched Bettie's mare alongside Mr. Sam's mule. Bedell lay down in an old box filled with hay, his rifle and crutches beside him.
    It was a long, slow journey that almost ended in disaster. Only an hour from the Union lines, two horsemen suddenly appeared. One pointed a pistol, demanding money while the other pulled Mr. Sam from the wagon. Shocked, Bettie sat still. Then a rifle shot cracked out, and the man with the pistol fell to the ground dead. A second shot, and the man went sprawling. It was Bedell shooting! Bettie watched him lower the rifle and brush the hay out of his hair. "Come on, Mr. Sam," he said. "Let's keep moving."
    At Harpers Ferry, the soldiers stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl. They were even more amazed when the Union officer with the missing leg rose from his hay-filled box.
    Bedell was sent to Washington. There he told his story to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Stanton wrote a letter of thanks to Bettie and-signed an order to free James Van Metre from prison. But first James had to be found. It was arranged for Bedell to go with Bettie as she searched for her husband.
    Records showed that a James Van Metre had been sent to a prison camp in Ohio. But when the ragged prisoners were paraded before Bettie, James was not there. A second prison was checked, with the same result. Bettie Van Metre fought back a chilling fear that her husband was dead.
    Then at Fort Delaware, near the end of the line of prisoners a tall man stepped out and stumbled into Bettie's arms. Bettie held him, tears streaming down her face. And Henry Bedell, standing by on his crutches, wept, too.

           NEW WORDS
    tell 
v.  act as an informer 告发

    Yankee
n.  (in the Civil War) a native of any of the northern states; a citizen of the U.S. 北方佬；美国佬

    great-aunt
n.  an aunt of one's father or mother; sister of one's grandfather or grandmother 

    civil
a.  国内的； 民间的

    Confederate
a.  of or belonging to the Confederacy 南部邦联的

    capture
vt. make a prisoner of; seize 俘虏；夺得

    unknown
a.  whose name, nature, or origin is not known

    former
a.  of an earlier period 以前的

    farmhouse
n.  the main house on a farm, where a farmer lives

    groan
n.  a sound made in a deep voice that expresses suffering, grief or disapproval 呻吟（声）

    attic
n.  the space just under the roof of a house, esp. that made into a low small room 阁楼

    Union, the 
n.  those states that supported the Federal government of the U.S. during the Civil War; the U.S.A. （美国南北战争期间的）联邦政府；美国
a.  of or having to do with the Union

    rifle
n.  步枪

    awful
a.  terrible; very bad

    bandage
n.  a narrow long piece of material, esp. cloth, for binding a wound or injury 绷带

    dreadful
a.  very unpleasant or shocking; terrible

    bugle
n.  a musical wind instrument usually made of brass, used chiefly for military signals 军号，喇叭

    filth
n.  disgusting dirt 污秽

    futility
n.  uselessness

    futile a.

    lean
vi. support or rest oneself in a bent position 靠，倚

    establish
vt. find out or make certain of (a fact, answer, etc.), prove 确立，证实

    identity
n.  who or what a particular person or thing is 身份
identical
a. 同一的；完全相同的确良
    Lt.
abbr. lieutenant 陆军中尉

    company
n.  连

    volunteer
n.  person who joins the army, navy, or air force of his own free will 志愿兵

    presence
n.  being present in a place

    skillfully 
ad. in a skillful manner 灵巧地，娴熟地

    skillful
a.  having or showing skill
  
    fan
vt. 扇，扇动；激起

    spark
n.  火花

    flicker
vi. burn unsteadily; shine with an unsteady light

    drug
n.  a medicine or substance used for medical purposes

    supply
n.  (pl.) the food, equipment, etc. necessary for an army, expedition or the like 补给品

    pray
vi. 祈祷

    valley
n.  a stretch of land between hills or mountains; the land through which a stated river or great river system flows 山谷；流域

    infection
n.  感染；传染

    infect vt.

    flare
vi. burn with a bright, unsteady flame （火焰）闪耀

    loft
n.  a room under the roof of a building, attic 阁楼

    ferry
n.  渡口；渡船

    headquarters
n.  (used with a sing. or pl. v. ) the place from which the chief of a police force or the commanding officer of an army sends out orders 司令部

    proof
n.  evidence showing that sth. is true 证据

    bear
vt. show; have

    seal
n.  印，图章

    item
n.  a single thing among a set, esp. included in a list 条；项

    commanding
a.  having command; in charge

    commanding officer
    指挥官

    command
vt. 指挥

    Gen.
abbr. general 将军

    madam 
n.  respectful form of address to a woman (whether married or unmarried)夫人，太太，女士，小姐

    risk
vt. endanger; take the chance of

    patrol
n.  a small group of soldiers, vehicles, etc. sent out to search for the enemy, or to protect a place from the enemy 巡逻队

    junior
a.  younger or lower in rank than another 

    hobble
vi. walk awkwardly; limp 跛行；蹒跚

    crutch
n.  support used under the arm to help a lame person to walk 拐杖

    wagon
n.  four-wheeled vehicle for carrying goods, pulled by horses or oxen 四轮运货马（牛）车

    hitch
vt. fasten with a hook, ring, rope, etc. 钩住，拴住，套住

    mare
n.  female horse or donkey

    alongside 
prep. close to; along the side of

    mule
n.  an animal that has a donkey and a horse as parents 骡

    disaster 
n.  a great or sudden misfortune; terrible accident

    line
n.  a row of defence works, esp. that nearest the enemy 战线，防线

    horseman
n.  a person who rides a horse, esp. one who is skilled

    pistol
n.  handgun 手枪

    crack
v.  (cause to) make a sudden explosive sound （使）发出爆裂声

    sprawl
vi. lie or sit with hands and feet spread out, esp. ungracefully

    lower
vt. move or let down in height 放下；放低

    secretary
vt. an official who takes charge of a governmental department; an employee in an office, who is in charge of correspondence, records, making appointments, etc. 部长，大臣；秘书

    ragged
a.  (of a person ) dressed in old torn clothes; (of clothes) old an torn 衣衫褴褛的；破旧的

    parade 
vt. cause to walk in an informal procession for the purpose of being looked at; cause to  march in procession 使列队行进
n.  游行；检阅

    chill
v.  (cause to) have a feeling of cold as from fear; (cause to ) become cold, esp. without freezing （使）感到冷；（使）冷

    fort
n.  要塞，堡垒

    stumble
vi. walk or move in an unsteady way; strike the foot against sth. and almost fall 
    stream
vi. flow fast and strongly; pour out

       PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  take prisoner
  capture and hold as a prisoner, esp. as a prisoner of war 俘虏

  flare up
  break out or intensify suddenly or violently; burst into bright flame or rage 突发；加剧；突然发光；突然发怒

  write out
  write in full, write (sth. formal)

  brush aside
  disregard, ignore 不理；漠视

  bring through
  save (sb.) from (an illness, etc.)

            PROPER NAMES
  Berryville
  贝里维尔（美国地名）

  Virginia
  弗吉尼亚（美国州名）

  Bettie Van Metre
  贝蒂.范.米特

  the Civil War
  （美国）南北战争

  Gettysburg
  葛底斯堡（美国城市）

  Dick Runner
  迪克.朗纳

  Henry Bedell
  亨利.贝德尔

  Vermont
  佛蒙特（美国州名）

  Westfield
  韦斯菲尔德（美国地名）

  Jennie
  詹妮（女子名）

  Graham Osborne  格雷厄姆.奥斯本

  Harpers Ferry
  哈珀斯渡口（美国地名）

  Stevenson
  史蒂文森（姓氏）

  Secretary of War(old use) 
  （美国）陆军部长

  Edwin M. Stanton
  埃德温.M.斯坦顿

  Ohio
  俄亥俄（美国州名）

  Fort Delaware 
  特拉华堡（美国地名）   

             Unit 3
Text
    Every teacher probably asks himself time and again: What are the reasons for choosing teaching as a career? Do the rewards teaching outweigh the trying comments? Answering these questions is not a simple task. Let's see what the author says.

           Why I Teach

Peter G. Beidler
    Why do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "step up" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
    Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.
    Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. Sometimes I am amazed that my students actually take notes on what I say in class!
    Why, then, do I teach?
    I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar. June, July, and August offer an opportunity for reflection, research and writing. 
    I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change —— and, more important, my students change.
    I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. As a teacher, I'm my own boss. If I want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbook, who is to say I can't? Such courses may be huge failures, but we can all learn from failures.
    I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world is full of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions.
    I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world. I once taught a course called "Self-Reliance in a Technological Society." My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley. They kept diaries. They wrote term papers.
    But we also set up a corporation, borrowed money, purchased a run-down house and practiced self-reliance by renovating it. At the end of the semester, we would the house, repaid our loan, paid or taxes, and distributed the profits among the group.
    So teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning.
    I have left out, however, the most important reasons why I teach. 
    One is Vicky. My first doctoral student, Vicky was an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet. She wrote articles and sent them off to learned journals. She did it all herself, with an occasional nudge from me. But I was there when she finished her dissertation, learned that her articles were accepted, got a job and won a fellowship to Harvard working on a book developing ideas she'd first had as my student.
    Another reason is George, who started as an engineering student, then switched to English because he decided he liked people better than things.
    There is Jeanne, who left college, but was brought back by her classmates because they wanted her to see the end of the self-reliance house project. I was here when she came back. I was there when she told me that she later became interested in the urban poor and went on to become a civil rights lawyer.
    There is Jacqui, a cleaning woman who knows more by intuition than most of us learn by analysis. Jacqui has decided to finish high school and go to college.
    These are the real reasons I teach, these people who grow and change in front of me. Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.
    A "promotion" out of teaching would give me money and power. But I have money. I get paid to do what I enjoy: reading, talking with people, and asking question like, "What is the point of being rich?"
    And I have power. I have the power to nudge, to fan sparks, to suggest books, to point out a pathway. What other power matters?
    But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love. Not only the love of learning and of books and ideas, but also the love that a teacher feels for that rare student who walks into a teacher's life and begins to breathe. Perhaps love is the wrong word: magic might be better.
    I teach because, being around people who are beginning to breathe, I occasionally find myself catching my breath with them.

           NEW WORDS
    administrative
a.  of the management of affairs 行政的，管理的

    administration
n.  管理（部门），行政（机关）

    puzzle
vt. fill with doubt and confusion 使迷惑

    step (-) up
n.  promotion; increase in size, speed, etc.
    mechanic
n.  skilled workman, esp. one who uses or repairs machines and tools 机械工；机修工

    sweaty
a.  covered with sweat, sweating

    palm
a.  手掌

    profession
n.  occupation, esp. one requiring special training, such as law, medicine, or teaching
 
    convince
vt. make (sb.) feel certain; cause (sb.) to realize

    compel
vt. force (sb. or sth. to do sth.)

    pace
n.  rate or speed of development, or in walking, etc. 速度；步速

    calendar
n.  日程表，日历

    opportunity
n.  favourable occasion or chance

    reflection
n.  careful thinking; consideration 深思；考虑

    reflect vi.

    stimulate
vt. encourage; excite 刺激；激励

    freshman
n.  student in his first year at a college or university

    failure
n.  a person, attempt, or thing that fails; lack of success

    ivory
n.  象牙

    ivory tower
n.  place or condition of retreat from the world of action into a world of ideas and dreams 象牙塔

    self-reliance
n.  ability to do things and make decisions by oneself 依靠自己；自力更生

    reliance
n.  trust, confidence; dependence 信赖；信心；依靠

    technological 
a.  of or related to technology 技术的

    corporation
n.  (AmE) 有限公司

    run-down
a.  old and broken or in bad condition

    renovate
vt. restore (old buildings, oil paintings, etc.) to a former, better state 修复，修整

    semester
n.  (AmE) either of the two periods into which a school year is divided; term 学期

    repay
vt. pay back (money, etc.)

    loan 
n.  sth. lent, esp. a sum of money 借出的东西；贷款

    distribute
vt. divide among several or many; give or send out 分发；分送

    distribution n.

    variety
n.  difference in quality, type or character; a number of or a collection of different things 变化，多样化；种种

    challenge
n.  the quality of demanding competitive action, interest, or though 挑战

    doctoral
a.  having to do with the university degree of doctor 博士的

    energetic
a.  vigorous 精力充沛

    dissertation
n.  （学位）论文

    poet
n.  one who writes poetry

    learned
a.  showing or requiring much knowledge 博学的

    journal
n.  magazine or daily newspaper 杂志；日报

    occasional
a.  happening from time to time, not regular 偶尔的，间或的

    nudge
n.  (fig.) words, actions or feeling that stimulate 启示
vt. push or touch slightly, esp. with the elbow to attract attention; (fig.) stimulate

    fellowship
n.  position or a sum of money granted to a person for advanced study or research 研究员职位；研究员薪金

    switch
vt. change or shift; turn

    urban
a.  of a town or city

    civil rights
n.  the rights of a citizen without regard to his race, religion, sex, etc. 公民权

    lawyer
n.  person who practises law 律师

    intuition
n.  (power of) the immediate understanding of truths, events, facts without reasoning 直觉

    analysis
n.  the separation of a substance into parts for careful examination and study 分析

    creation 
n.  act of creating; sth. created 创造（物）

    clay
n.  粘士

    point
n. main idea or purpose 要点；意义，目的

pathway
n. path

    rare
a.  unusually good; distinctive 稀有的；杰出的

    magic
n.  mysterious charm; strange influence or power; art of obtaining mysterious results by tricks 魔力；魔术

        PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  stay up
  not go to bed until after the usual time 不睡觉，熬夜

  take notes
  记笔记

  build on
  base on; use as a base for further development

  keep a diary
  记日记

  leave out
  fail to mention or include; omit

  send off
  post; dispatch

  work at/ on
  give one's attention to doing or trying to do

  catch one's breath
  rest and get back one's normal breath, as after running; stop breathing for a moment from surprise, fear, shock, etc.

          PROPER NAMES
  Emerson
  爱默生（姓氏及男子名）

  Thoreau
  梭洛（姓氏）

  Huxley
  赫胥黎（姓氏）

  Vicky
  维基（女子名，Victoria 的昵称）

  Harvard
  哈佛（美国大学名）

  Jeanne
  珍妮（女子名）

  Jacqui
  杰基（女子名，Jacqueline的昵称）

            Unit 4

Text
    In big cities like New York, you can find homeless women with shopping bags wandering on the streets. They choose to live in an isolated, mistrustful world of their own. They are called lady hermits or just shopping-bag ladies.

 Lady Hermits Who Are Down But Not Out
    Every large city has its shifting population of vagrants. But in most cases these are men, usually with an unhealthy appetite for alcohol. Only New York, it seems, attracts this peculiar populace of lone and homeless women who live in an isolated, mistrustful world of their own.
    Shopping-bag ladies do not drink. They do not huddle together for warmth and companionship like bums. They do not seem to like one another very much. Neither are they too keen on conventional people. Urban hermits, one sociologist has called them. They will send their days and nights in the same neighborhood for months on end, then disappear as inexplicably as they came. They know the hours when restaurants put their leftovers in the garbage cans where they search for food. And local residents, seeing the same bag lady on the same corner every day, will slip her some change as they pass.
    Shopping-bag ladies do not overtly beg, but they do not refuse what is offered. Once a shopping-bag lady becomes a figure of your neighborhood, it is as hard to pass her by without giving her some money as it is to ignore the collection box in church. And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog.
    There are various categories of bag ladies: those who live on the streets, claiming they enjoy the freedom from constraints of society; those who became homeless because a relative died or because they couldn't keep up rent payments, and they didn't know where to go or how to apply for relief; and quasi bag ladies who have an anchor point —— a sister or brother whom they can visit once in a while to take a bath.
    Most shopping-bag ladies seem to be between the ages of 40 and 65. They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather In general, the more bags the ladies carry the better organist bad weather. In general, the more bags the ladies carry the better organised they are to cope with life on the streets.
    "You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags," one shopping-bag lady volunteered over lunch in a church soup kitchen, "but it's everything I need. Extra clothes, newspapers for the cold." Shopping-bag ladies are not very communicative and take general conversation as an intrusion. But after a while, warmed by chicken soup, she began to speak. 
    "The place is nice," she volunteered, "people are friendly. Most New Yorkers are very cold. I have sisters in the city, but when you grow up, each goes his own way. Right?"
    "I go out a lot because of my teeth. You know how it is: you pick up something in a restaurant and your teeth turn rotten, no matter how careful you are. People aren't considerate. The restaurants don't wash the glasses properly, and before you know where you are you have caught it. That's what happened to me. I don't like meeting people until I have this dental work done. So I go out to forget my troubles. I sit a little while somewhere, have something to eat at one of these places, then go wherever I have to go. I take all my things with me because you can't trust people."
    The story of the dental work was a typical shopping-bag lady fantasy. Psychiatrists say that even after long interviews shopping-bag ladies are still at a loss to separate truth from imagination.
    One quasi bag lady spends about eight hours every day at the foot of the main escalator in a railroad station, although she rents a room in a cheap hotel in the neighborhood. One of the priests from the nearby church found this lodging for her after he discovered that she was entitled to a small disability pension which she had never claimed. But every day from about nine to five, she still takes a milk crate and sits by the station escalator, not doing anything or talking to anyone. It's like a job to her. 
    No one knows how many shopping-bag ladies there are in New York. The figure is going up. Some priests, nuns and researchers spend a great deal of time shepherding or observing shopping-bag ladies and are doing what they can to better the life of the lady hermits who are down.
      
            NEW WRODS
    hermit
n.  person who avoids other people and lives alone  隐士

    shift
vi. move from one place, position, etc. to another 转移，移动

    vagrant
n.  person who lives a wandering life with no steady home or work 流浪者

    appetite
n.  desire or wish, esp. for food 食欲，胃口

    attract
vt. draw towards oneself 吸引

    attraction n.
  
    attractive a.

    peculiar
a.  unusual; strange 奇特的；奇怪的

    populace
n.  population; the common people

    lone
a.  without other people or things 孤独的

    isolate
vt. separate from others 使隔离，使孤立

    mistrustful
a.  lacking confidence or trust

    shopping-bag
n.  购物袋

    huddle
vi. crowd together 挤作一团

    warmth
n.  the state or quality of being warm

    companionship
n.  伴侣关系，友谊；一群伙伴

    companion n.

    bum
n.  wandering beggar 游民，叫化子

    keen
a.  eager, anxious to do things 热心的，渴望的

    conventional
a.  following accepted practices, customs, and standards 习俗的，寻常的

    convention
v.  习俗，惯例

    sociologist
n.  a person who studies societies and human behavior in groups 社会学家

    neighborhood
n.  a group of people and their homes forming a small area within a larger place 街坊，四邻

    inexplicably
ad. in a way not capable of explanation

    leftovers
n.  (used with a pl, v.) food remaining uneaten after a meal

    garbage
n.  waste material; rubbish; scraps of food to be thrown away

    garbage can
    dustbin 垃圾桶

    resident
n.  person living in a place permanently, not just a visitor 居民

    slip 
vt. give or pay secretly 悄悄给

    overtly
ad. publicly 公开地

    collection
n.  the gathering of money at a religious service; money collected 募捐；募金

    collection box
    a box for the collection of money, esp. one passed from hand to hand in church 奉献箱

    doorway
n.  门口；门道

    morally
ad. with regard to right behavior 道德上

    category
n.  class 种类

    claim
vt. declare to be true; ask for as a right; take as a rightful owner 声称；要求；认领 

    constraint
n.  sth. that limits one's freedom of action 拘束

    rent
n.  money paid regularly for the use of a room, building, or piece of land 租金
vt. pay at regular times for the use of (property)租用

    payment
n.  the amount of money (to be) paid

    relief
n.  help given to people in trouble 救济 

    quasi
a.  half; seeming 半，准

    anchor
n.  锚；依靠

    layer
n.  层

    stuff
vt. fill tightly with 把……塞满

    protection
n.  the act of protecting or the state of being protected

    protective a.

    cope
vi. deal successfully with a difficult situation 对付，应付

    volunteer
vt. tell or say without being asked; make a willing offer 主动讲；自愿提供

    voluntary a.

    soup
n.  汤

    communicative
a.  ready and willing to talk or give information 愿意交谈的

    communication
n.  交流；通讯

    conversation
n.  (an) informal talk 谈话

    intrusion
n.  coming unasked and unwanted (often suggesting rudeness and invasion of privacy)侵犯；打扰

    rotten
a.  having gone bad 腐烂的；腐朽的

    considerate
a.  thoughtful of the rights or feelings of others 体谅的

    dental
a.  of or for the teeth

    wherever
conj. in, at, or to whatever place

    fantasy
n.  any strange mental image or illusion; wild imagination 怪念头；幻想

    psychiatrist
n.  doctor who treats mental and emotional disorders 精神病医生

    loss 
n.  the act or example of losing sth.

    escalator
n.  自动楼梯

    priest
n.  牧师；教士；神父

    lodging
n.  a (temporary) place to live （临时）住所（使）暂住，（使）寄宿 

    entitle
vt. give the right to 给……以权利

    disability
n.  the condition of being unable to perform a task or function because of a physical or mental impairment 伤残

    pension
n.  regular payment made (by a government or a company) to sb. old, retired, or disabled 养老金；退休金；抚恤金

    crate
n.  a plastic or wooden tray divided into sections for carrying bottles of milk, beer, etc. 篮，篓，箱

    nun
n.  修女；尼姑

    shepherd
vt. take care of guide or direct (people) like sheep 看护；带领

    better
vt. improve

         PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  keen on
  interested in, fond of

  on end
  continuously 连续地

  pass by
  go past; pay no attention to  从……旁走过；忽视

  turn away
  refuse to allow (sb.) to enter 将……拒之门外

  keep up 
  maintain; continue
 
  once in a whole
  sometimes; but not often 间或，偶尔

  in general
  in most cases; usually 通常

  cope with
  deal effectively with 善于处理

  not matter how/what, etc.
  however, whatever, etc.

  at a loss
  uncertain what to do or say; confused 不知所措；因惑

  be entitled to 
  have the right to 

             Unit 5

Text
    A mother and her son learn more form a moment of defeat than they ever could from a victory. Her example of never giving up gives him courage for the rest of his life.

         The Day Mother Cried
           
                            Gerald Moore
    Coming home from school that dark winter's day so long ago, I was filled with anticipation. I had a new issue of my favorite sports magazine tucked under my arm, and the house to myself. Dad was at work, my sister was away, and Mother wouldn't be home from her new job for an hour. I bounded up the steps, burst into the living room and flipped on a light.
    I was shocked into stillness by what I saw. Mother, pulled into a tight ball with her face in her hands, sat at the far end of the couch. She was crying. I had never seen her cry.
    I approached cautiously and touched her shoulder. "Mother?" I said "What's happened?"
    She took a long breath and managed a weak smile. "It's nothing, really. Nothing important. Just than I'm going to lose this new job. I can't type fast enough."
    "But you've only been there three days," I said. "You'll catch on." I was repeating a line she had spoken to me a hundred times when I was having trouble learning or doing something important to me.
    "No." she said sadly. "I always said I could do anything I set my mind to, and I still think I can in most things. But I can't do this."
    I felt helpless and out of place. At age 16 I still assumed Mother could do anything. Some years before, when we sold our ranch and moved to town, Mother had decided to open a day nursery. She had had no training, but that didn't stand in her way. She sent away for correspondence courses in child care, did the lessons and in six months formally qualified herself for the task. It wasn't long before she had a full enrollment and a waiting list. I accepted all this as a perfectly normal instance of Mother's ability.
    But neither the nursery nor the motel my parents bought later had provided enough income to send my sister and me to college. In two years I would be ready for college. In three more my sister would want to go. Time was running out, and Mother was frantic for ways to save money. It was clear that Dad could do no more than he was doing already——farming 80 acres in addition to holding a fulltime job.
    A few months after we'd sold the motel, Mother arrived home with a use typewriter. It skipped between certain letters and the keyboard was soft. At dinner that night I pronounced the machine a "piece of junk."
   "That's all we can afford," mother said. "It's good enough to learn on." And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were done, Mother would disappear into her sewing room to practice. The slow tap, tap, tap went on some nights until midnight.
    It was nearly Christmas when I heard Mother got a job at the radio station. I was not the least bit surprised, or impressed. But she was ecstatic.
    Monday, after her first day at work, I could see that the excitement was gone. Mother looked tired and drawn. I responded by ignoring her.
    Tuesday, Dad made dinner and cleaned the kitchen. Mother stayed in her sewing room, practicing. "Is Mother all right?" I asked Dad.
    "She's having a little trouble with her typing," he said. "She needs to practice. I think she'd appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more."
    "I already do a lot," I said, immediately on guard.
    "I know you do," Dad said evenly. "And you may have to do more. You might just remember that she is working primarily so you can go to college."
    I honestly didn't care. I wished she would just forget the whole thing.
    My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her. Sitting beside her on the couch, I began very slowly to understand.
    "I guess we al have to fail sometime," Mother said quietly. I could sense her pain and the tension of holding back the strong emotions that were interrupted by my arrival. Suddenly, something inside me turned. I reached out and put my arms around her.
    She broke then. She put her face against my shoulder and sobbed. I help her close and didn't try to talk. I knew I was doing what I should, what I could, and that it was enough. In that moment, feeling Mother's back racked with emotion, I understood for the first time her vulnerability. She was still my mother, but she was something more: a person like me, capable of fear and hurt and failure. I could feel her pain as she must have felt mine on a thousand occasions when I had sought comfort in her arms.
    A week later Mother took a job selling dry goods at half the salary the radio station had offered. "It's a job I can do," she said simply. But the evening practice sessions on the old green typewriter continued. I had a very different feeling now when I passed her door at night and heard her tapping away. I knew there was something more going on in there than a woman learning to type.
    When I left for college two years later, Mother had an office job with better pay and more responsibility. I have to believe that in some strange way she learned as much from her moment of defeat as I did, because several years later, when I had finished school and proudly accepted a job as a newspaper reporter, she had already been a journalist with our hometown paper for six months.
    The old green typewriter sits in my office now, unrepaired. It is a memento, but what it recalls for me is not quite what if recalled for Mother. When I'm having trouble with a story and think about giving up or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way mother did. What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead.
    It's the best memento anyone ever gave me.

NEW WORDS

    anticipation
n.  expectation

    anticipate
vt.

    issue
n.  发行物（刊物的）一期

    tuck
vt. put or push into a desired convenient position so as to hold tightly; draw together into a small space 塞（进）；卷（起）

    bound
vi. move along quickly by jumping or leaping movements 跳跃

    flip
v.  turn or move quickly or with a jerk

    tight
a.  drawn, fixed or fastened together firmly 紧的，牢的
ad. firmly, closely

    couch
n.  a long comfortable seat with a back and arms on which more than one person may sit; sofa 长沙发椅

    approach
v.  come near or nearer(to)

    cautiously
ad. very carefully 细心地，谨慎地

    cautious a.

    type
vt. write (sth.) with a typewriter

    line
n.  a row of words in a poem; a row of words on a page of writing or in print （诗、文的）一行

    helpless
a.  unable to look after oneself or take action to help others, powerless

    assume
vt. take as true without actual proof; suppose 假设，主观认为

    ranch
n.  a very large farm for raising horses, cattle or sheep 大牧场，大农场

    nursery
n.  a place where small children are temporarily cared for 托儿所

    day nursery
n.  a place where small children are cared for during the day

    training
n.  the process of training or being trained; instruction

    correspondence
n.  the act of exchanging letters 通信

    correspondence course
n.  an educational course in which instruction and work are exchanged between the teacher and student by post 函授课程

    formally
ad. according to proper rules or lawful forms 正式地

    formal  a.

    qualify
vt. make fit or competent for a special purpose 使具有资格

    enrol(l)ment
n.  the number of people who have registered themselves as members of a school, a program, etc.; registering 注册人数，注册，登记

    enrol(l)
v.  注册，登记

    motel
n.  a roadside hotel providing overnight lodging for motorists 汽车旅馆

    frantic
a.  wildly anxious, afraid, happy, etc.

    acre
n.  英亩

    addition
n.  the act of adding 加，加法

    full-time
a.  occupying all normal working hours

    typewriter
n.  打字机

    keyboard
n.  the set of keys on a typewriter, piano, etc. 键盘

    junk
n.  old useless things 破烂，垃圾

    tap
n.  a short light blow 轻叩

    midnight
n.  the middle of the night 午夜

    ecstatic
a.  marked by a state of overwhelming emotion, esp. great joy 欣喜若狂的

    drawn
a.  (of the face) looking very tired or worried or tense 憔悴的；紧张的

    respond
vi. act in answer to the action of another; answer

    dad
n.  (colloq.) father

    evenly
ad. calmly, peacefully

    even a.

    primarily 
ad. mainly; chiefly

    embarrassment
n.  a feeling of shyness, shame or guilt

    index
n.  sign or indication 指数，指标

    pressure
n.  a constraining influence upon the mind （心理上的）压力

    tension
n.  (a feeling of) nervous anxiety, worry, on pressure 紧张

    arrival
n.  the act of arriving

    rack
vt. shake violently 猛力摇动

    vulnerability
n.  being liable to be damaged or hurt 易受伤性；脆弱性

    vulnerable a.

    dry goods
    (AmE) cloth, ribbons, laces, curtains and similar textile fabrics 织物尖商品

    session
n.  a meeting or period of time devoted to a particular activity 会议；（从事某项活动的）一段时间

    journalist
n.  a person whose profession is writing for, editing, or publishing newspaper or magazines, a reporter 新闻工作者，记者

    memento
n.  sth. which reminds one of a holiday, a friend, etc. 纪念品

    cranky
a.  (of a machine) shaky; malfunctioning 不稳的；有毛病的

          PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  have sth. to oneself
  have sth. for one's own private use
  at work
  working; operating

  catch on (to)
  (informal) learn; understand 学会，懂得

  set one's mind to (or on) 
  pull all one's efforts into doing (sth). 决心做

  stand/be in sb's way
  be in a position to delay or prevent someone from his intended actions 阻碍，妨碍

  send away for
  request (sth.) or order (goods) to be sent by post 函索

  run out 
  come to an end; be used up 到期；用完，耗尽

  in addition (to)
  besides; as well (as)

  help out
  give help; help (sb.) at a time of need 帮助；帮助（某人）摆脱困境

  on guard
  ready to defend or protect; watchful 警惕，提防

  in tears
  crying

  hold back 
  control; make (sth.) stay in place 抑制，阻止

  go on
  take place or happen

  go ahead
  make progress; advance

             Unit 6

Text
    Ernest Hemingway's story is about an incident that happens between a father and his son. The small boy's misunderstanding of the difference in measuring temperature on a Fahrenheit and a Celsius Scale causes him to believe that he is drying of a high fever. However, the father doesn't realize it until very late that day……

          A Day's Wait

                      Ernest Hemingway
    He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move.
    "What's the matter, Schatz?"
    "I've got a headache."
    "You better go back to bed."
    "No. I'm all right."
    "You go to bed. I'll be you when I'm dressed."
    But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I knew he had a fever.
    "You go up to bed," I said, "You're sick."
    "I'm all right," he said.
    When the doctor came be took the boy's temperature.
    "What's is it?" I asked him.
    "One hundred and two."
    Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different colored capsules with instruction for giving them. One was to bring down the fever, another a purgative, the third to overcome an acid condition. The germs of influenza can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He seemed to know all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not go above one hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic of flu and there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia.
    Back in the room I wrote the boy's temperature down and made a note of the time to give the various capsules.
    "Do you want me to read to you?"
    "All right. If you want to, " said the boy. His face was very white and there were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached from what was going on.
    I read aloud from Howard Pyle's Book of pirates; but I could see he was not following what I was reading.
    "How do you feel, Schatz?" I asked him.
    "Just the same, so far," he said.
    I sat at the foot of the bed and read to myself while I waited for it to be time to give another capsule. It would have been natural for him to go to sleep, but when I looked up he was looking at the foot of the bed, looking very strangely.
    "Why don't you try to sleep? I'll make you up for the medicine."
    "I'd rather stay awake."
    After a while he said to me, "You don't have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you."
    "It doesn't bother me."
    "No, I mean you don't have to stay if it's going to bother you."
    I though perhaps he was a little lightheaded and after giving him the prescribed capsules at eleven o'clock I went out for a while. It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with a sleet that had frozen so that it seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground had been varnished with ice, I took the young Irish setter for a walk up the road and along a frozen creek, but it was difficult to stand or walk on the glassy surface and the red dog slipped and slithered and I fell twice, hard, once dropping my gun and having it slide away over the ice.
    We flushed a covey of quail under a high clay bank with overhanging brush and I killed two as they went out of sight over the top of the blank. Some of the covey lit in trees, but most of them scattered into brush piles and it was necessary to jump on the ice-coated mounds of brush several times before they would flush. Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on the icy, springy brush they made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey close to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day.
    At the house they said the boy had refused to let anyone come into the room.
    "You can't come in," he said. "You mustn't get what I have."
    I went up to him and found him in exactly the position I had left him, white-faced, but with the tops of his cheeks flushed by the fever, staring still, as he had stared, at the foot of the bed.
    I took his temperature.
    "What is it?"
    "Something like a hundred," I said. It was one hundred and two and four tenths.
    "It was a hundred and two," he said.
    "Who said so?"
    "The doctor."
    "Your temperature is all right," I said. "It's nothing to worry about."
    "I don't worry," he said, "but I can't keep from thinking."
    "Don't think," I said. "Just take it easy."
    "I'm taking it easy," he said and looked straight ahead, He was evidently holding tight onto himself about something.
    "Take this with water."
    "Do you think it will do any good?"
    "Of course it will."
    I sat down and opened the Pirate book and commenced to read, but I could see he was not following, so I stooped.
    "About what time do you think I'm going to die?" he asked.
    "What?"
"About how long will it be before I die?"
"You aren't going die. What's the matter with you? "
    "Oh, yes, I am, I heard him say a hundred and two."
    "People don't die with a fever of one hundred and two. That's a silly way to talk."
    "I know they do. At school in France the boys told me you can't live with forty-four degrees. I've got a hundred and two."
    He had been waiting to die all day, ever since nine o'clock in the morning.
    "You poor Schatz," I said. "Poor old Schatz. It's like miles and kilometers. You aren't going to die. That's different thermometer. On that thermometer thirty-seven is normal. On this kind it's ninety-eight."
    "Are you sure?"
    "Absolutely," I said, "It's like miles and kilometers. You know, like how many kilometers we make when we do seventy miles in the car?"
    "Oh," he said.
    But his gaze at the foot of the bed relaxed slowly. The hold over himself relaxed too, finally, and the next day it was very slack and he cried very easily at little things that were of no importance.

NEW WORDS

    shiver
vi. shake, tremble, esp. from cold or fear 战栗，发抖

    capsule
n.  胶囊（药）

    instruction
n.  (often pl.) advice on how to do sth.; order 用法说明；指示

    instruct vt.

    purgative
n.  a medicine to produce bowel movements 泻药

    acid
a.  sour; marked by an abnormally high concentration of a sour substance 酸的；酸性物质过多的

    germ
n.  病菌，细菌

    influenza
n.  a contagious disease which is like a bad cold but more serious 流行性感冒

    epidemic
n.& a. (disease) spreading rapidly among many people in the same place for a time 流行病（的）

    flu
n.  (short for) influenza

    pneumonia
n.  a serious illness with inflammation of one or both lungs 肺炎

    detached
a.  indifferent; separate, not connected 超然的；冷漠的；分离的

    detach vt.

    pirate
n.  a person who attacks and robs ships at sea 海盗

    papa
n.  father

    lightheaded
a.  unable to think clearly or move steadily as during fever or after drinking alcohol; dizzy and faint 神志不清的；眩晕的

    prescribe
vt. order or give(sth.) as a medicine or treatment for a sick person 开（药）

    sleet
n.  a mixture of rain and snow; rain that freezes as it falls 雨夹雪；冻雨

    brush
n.  rough low-growing bushes; small branches broken off from trees 矮灌木丛；断落的树枝

    varnish
vt. cover (sth.) with a smooth appearance

    Irish
a.  爱尔兰（人）的

    setter
n.  a type of dog with red hair; a hunting dog 塞特狗

    creek
n.  a small stream 

    glassy
a.  like glass, esp. (of water) smooth and shining

    slither
vi. slide unsteadily 不稳地滑动

slide
v.  (cause to) move smoothly along a surface （使）滑动

    flush
v.  drive (birds) up from the trees or bushes so as to shoot; (of birds) fly up suddenly （使）（鸟）惊飞
    (sides of the face) become rosy or reddened by a sudden flow of blood to the face （脸）发红

    covey
n.  a small flock or group (of small birds) 一小群（鸟）

    quail (pl. quail or quails)
n.  a kind of small bird, valued as food 鹌鹑

    overhang
v.  hang over or stand out over 悬于……之上，突出于……之上

    light (lit or lighted)
vi. land and settle 停落

    scatter
vi  go off in all directions 散开

    mound
n.  small hill; a large pile of earth, stones, etc. 土墩

    poise
vt. balance

    unsteadily
ad. shakily

    unsteady a.

    icy
a.  covered with ice; extremely cold

    springy
a.  flexible (as a spring moving up and down)有弹性的

    commence
vt. start; begin

    thermometer
n.  a instrument for measuring and snowing temperature 温度计

    absolutely
ad. completely; certainly

    gaze
vi. look long and steadily 凝视

    slack
a.  not tense; relaxed 松弛的；放松的

       PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  bring down
  reduce; cause to fall 减少，降低
  be detached from
  show no interest in, be indifferent to

  would rather
  would prefer to; would prefer that 宁愿

  out of sight
  unable to be seen 

  keep from
  prevent oneself from (doing sth.); stop (doing sth.)

  take it easy
  not to work too hard; not to worry too much 不紧张，不急

  hold tight onto oneself
  keep firm control over oneself

        PROPER NAME
  Pyle
  派尔（姓氏）

             Unit 7

Text
    Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching. Can it shelter all of them? Does its owner let them in?　Here is the story……

               The Shelter 

                            Rod Serling
    SYNOPSIS OF ACT ONE: On a summer evening, a birthday celebration is going on at Dr. Stockton's. Among those present are his neighbors: the Hendersons, the weiss's and the Harlowes. In the midst of it comes unexpectedly over the radio the announcement of the President of the United States declaring a state of emergency of for suspected enemy missiles approaching. The party breaks up and the neighbors hurry home.
    However, shortly afterwards they return one after another to the stockton house for the simple reason that they want to survive —— want to share with the Stocktons the bomb shelter which is the only one on their street.
               ACT TWO
              (abridged)
         OUTSIDE STOCKTON HOME
HENDERSON: It'll land any minute. I just know it. It's going to land any minute——
MRS. HENDERSON: (grabs hold of him) What are we going to do?

Throughout above and following dialogue, a portable radio carried by one of the children carries the following announcement:

ANNOUNCER'S VOICE: This is Conelrad. This is Conelrad. We are still in a state of Yellow Alert. If you are a public official or government employee with an emergency assignment, or a civil defense worker, you should report to your post immediately. If you are a public official or government employee……
MRS. HARLOWE: Jerry, ask again.
HARLOWE: Don't waste you time. He won't let anyone in. He said he didn't have any room or supplies there and it's designed for three people.
MRS.HENDERSON: What'll we do?
HARLOWE: Maybe we ought to pick out just one basement and go to work on it. Poll all our stuff. Food, water, everything.
MRS.HARLOWE: It isn't fair. (she points toward Stockton house) He's down there in a bomb shelter completely safe. And our kids have to just wait around for a bomb to drop and ——
HENDERSON: Let's just go down into his basement and break down the door?

A chorus of voices greet this with assent.

As HENDERSON rushes through toward the basement entrance, HARLOWE overtakes him saying:

HARLOWE: Wait a minute, wait a minute. All of us couldn't fit in there. That would be crazy to even try.
WEISS: Why don't we draw lots? Pick out one family?
HARLOWE: What difference would it make? He won't let us in.
HENDERSON: We can all march down there and tell him he's got the whole street against him. We could do that.
HARLOWE: What good would that do? I keep telling you. Even if we were to break down the door, it couldn't accommodate all of us. We'd just be killing everybody and for no reason.
MRS. HENDERSON: If it saves even one of these kids out here——I call that a reason.

 The voice comes up again.

WEISS: Jerry, you know him better than nay of us. You're his best friend. Why don't you go down again? Try to talk to him. Pleased with him. Tell him to pick out one family  —— Draw lots or something ——
HENDERSON: One family, meaning yours, Weiss, huh?
WEISS: (whirls around to him) Why not? I've got a three-month-old infant——
MRS. HENDERSON: What difference does that make? Is your baby's life any more precious than our kids?
WEISS: (shouting at her) I never said that. If you're going to start trying to argue about who deserves to live more than the next one ——
HENDERSON: Why don't you shut your mouth, Weiss? (with a wild, illogical anger) That's the way it is when the foreigners come over here. Aggressive, greedy, semi-Americans——
WEISS: (his face goes white) Why you garbage-brained idiot you——
MRS. HENDERSON: It still goes, Weiss! I bet you're at the bottom of the list——

WEISS suddenly flings himself through the crowd toward the man and there's a brief, hand-to-hand fight between them broken up by HARLOWE who stands between them breathless.

HARLOWE: Keep it up, both of you. Just keep it up. We won't need a bomb. We can slaughter each other. 
MRS.WEISS: (pleading) Marty, go down to Bill's shelter again. Ask him ——
WEISS: I've already asked him. It wouldn't do any good.
                                  
One again the siren sounds and the people seem to move closer together, staring up toward the night sky. Off in the distance we see searchlights.

HARLOWE: Searchlights. It must be coming closer.
HENDERSON: (as he suddenly pushes HARLOWE aside and heads for the steps) I'm going down there and get him to open up that door. I don't care what the rest of you think. That's the only thing left to do.
MAN # 1: He's right. Come on, let's do it.
 
          INSIDE THE SHELTER
GRACE is holding tight to PAUL. STOCKTON stands close to the door listening to the noises from outside as they approach. There's a pounding on the shelter door that reverberates.
          
         OUTSIDE THE SHELTER
HENDERSON: Bill? Bill Stockton? You've got a bunch of your neighbors out here who want to stay alive. Now you can open the door and talk to us and figure out with us how many can come in there. Or else you can just keep doing what you're doing —— and we'll fight our way in there.

HARLOWE appears and pushes his way through the group and goes over to the shelter door.

HARLOWE: Bill. This is Jerry. They mean business out here.
STOCKTON'S VOICE: And I mean business in here. I've already told you, Jerry. You're wasting you time. You're wasting precious time that could be use for something else……like figuring out how you can survive.
NAM # 1: Why don't we get a big, heavy log to break the door down?
HENDERSON: We could go over to Bennett Avenue. Phil Kline has some giant logs in his basement. I've seen them. Let's get one. And we'll just tell Kline to keep his mouth shut as to why we want it.
WEISS: Let's get hold of ourselves. Let's stop and think for a minute——
HENDERSON: (turning to face WEISS) Nobody cares what you think. You or your kind. I thought I made that clear upstairs. I think the first order of business is to get you out of here.

With this he strikes out, smashing his fist into WEISS's face in a blow so unexpected and so wild that WEISS, totally unprepared, is knocked against the wall. His wife screams and, still holding the baby, rushes to him. There's a commotion as several men try to grab the neighbor and HARLOWE is immediately at WEISS's side trying to help him to his feet. Once again the sirens blast.

HENDERSON: (should over the noise and commotion) Come on, let's get something to smash this door down.

    They start out of cellar toward the steps.

           INSIDE THE SHELTER
STOCKTON slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.

GRACE (looks up) Bill? Who were those people?
STOCKTON (turning to stare toward the door) "Those people?" Those are our neighbors, Grace. Our friends. The people we've lived with and alongside for twenty years. (then in a different fixed expression and in a different tone) Come on. Paul. Let's put stuff up against this door. Everything we can.

    The man and boy then start to pile up a barricade, using furniture, the generator, books, any movable object they can get their hands on.

          OUTSIDE OF THE SHELTER
The mob marches down the street carrying a large heavy log that is perhaps fifteen feet long. Their own shouts mix with the sound of the intermittent siren and with the voice of the announcer on the Conelrad station.

ANNOUNCER'S VOICE: We've been asked to once again remind the population that they are to remain calm, stay off the streets. This is urgent. Please remain off the streets. Everything possible is being done in the way of protection. But the military and important civil defense vehicles must have the streets clear. So you're once again reminded to remain off the streets. Remain off the streets!

The minute the mob gathers before the STOCKTON house, they smash into it, carrying the giant log. They move down the cellar steps. As the log smashes into the shelter door, the siren goes up louder and more piercing and it is at this moment that we see both WEISS and HARLOW join the men on the heavy log to lend their support to it.

         INSIDE THE SHELTER
STOCKTON and Paul lean against it as it starts to give under the weight, under the pressure. The air is filled with angry shouts, the intermittent siren, the cries of women and children.

    INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE SHELTER 
And it all reaches one vast pitch just as the door is forced open. PAUL and STOCKTON are pushed back into the shelter and just at this moment the light go on in the basement. The siren also reaches its top and then suddenly goes off and there is absolute dead silence for a long moment. Then from the portable radio in the corner comes 
                                   
ANNOUNCER'S VOICE: This is Conelrad. This is Conelrad. Remain turned for an important message. Remain tuned for an important message. (a pause) The President of the United States has just announced that the previously unidentified objects have now been definitely identified as being satellites. Repeat. There are no enemy missiles approaching. Repeat, there are no enemy missiles approaching. The objects have been identified as satellites. They are harmless and we are in no danger. Repeat. We are in no danger. The state of emergency has officially been called off. We are in no danger. Repeat. There is no enemy attack. There is no enemy attack.
MRS.WEISS: (her eyes closed and crying softly) Thank God. Oh, thank God.
WEISS: (in a whisper, his face bruised and blood clotted) Amen to that.
HENDERSON: Hey, Marty …… Marty ……I went crazy. You understand that, don't you? I just went crazy. I didn't mean all the things I said. (he wets his lips, his voice shaking) We were all of us …… we were so scared ……so confuse. (he holds out his hands in a gesture) Well, it's no wonder really, is it? I mean…… well, you can understand why we blew our tops a little  ——
    There's a murmur of voices, a few half-hearted nods, but they're all still in a state of shock.

HARLOWE: I don't think Marty's going to hold it against you. (then turning to STOCKTON) I just hope Bill won't hold this —— (he points to the wreckage around him) against us. We'll pay for the damage, Bill. We'll take up a collection right away.

    As STOCKTON walks past them across the cellar and up toward the stairs, all eyes are on him and there's an absolute dead silence.

WEISS: (his voice shaky and nervous) We could …… we could have a block party or something tomorrow night. A big celebration. I think we deserve one now.

He looks around smiling at the others, a nervous smiles born of a carry-over of fear and the realization that something has taken hold of all of them now. Something deadening in its effect and disquieting beyond words.
STOCKTON takes a step up on the stairs then stops and turns back toward them. His face is expressionless.

HARLOWE: (with phony laughter desperately trying to relieve situation) Block party's not a bad idea. (looking around at the others) Anything to get back to normal.
STOCKTON: (looks from face to face and slowly shakes his head) Normal? (a pause) I don't know. I don't know what "normal" is. I thought I did, but I don't any more.
HARLOWE: I told you we'd pay for the damages——
STOCKTON: (stares at him) The damages? (he nods) I wonder if we realize just what those damages are? (he looks from face to face again) Maybe the worst of them was finding out just what we're like when we're normal. The kind of people we are. Just underneath the surface. I mean all of us. A lot of naked animals who attach such great importance to staying alive that they claw their neighbors to death just for the privilege. (he leans against the stairway wall, suddenly desperately tired, very softly as he turns away from them) We were spared a bomb tonight……but I wonder if we weren't destroyed even without it.

    He continues up the steps.

           HEW WORDS
    shelter
n.  (sth. that gives) cover or protection   掩蔽（处）

    synopsis (pl. synopses)
n. summary or outline (of a book, play, etc.)提要，梗概

    celebration
n.  marking (of an event or a special occasion) with public or private rejoicings 庆祝

    celebrate v.

    midst
n.  middle part
prep. amidst

    missile
n.  导弹

    afterwards
ad. later, after that

    bomb
n.  炸弹

    abridge
vt. make shorter by using fewer words 缩略，删节

    grab
vt. take roughly, snatch eagerly

    dialog(ue)
n.  对话，对白

    portable
a.  that can be easily carried or moved 手提式的

    carry
vt. a person who reads news or introduces people on radio or television

    employee
n.  a person who is employed

    civil defense
    a civilian emergency program for protecting people and their property against enemy attacks or natural disaster 民防

    post
n.  place of duty岗位

    design
vt. intend; make a drawing or patterns of (sth.) 设计

    basement
n.  a room or rooms in a house which are below street level 地下室

    pool
vt. put (thing or money) together, esp. for common advantage 把……集中在一起（共用）

    stuff
n.  things in a mass; matter

    chorus
n.  sth. said or cried by many people at one time; song fro all to sing together 齐声说的话（或喊声）合唱

    assent
n.  agreement

    entrance
n.  gate, door, or other opening by which one enters 入口处

    overtake
vt. catch up with 赶上

    crazy 
a.  mad, foolish

    accommodate
vt. have enough space for; provide with a room in which to live or stay 容纳；向……提供住宿

    accommodation n. 

    plead
vi. make continual and deeply felt requests 恳求(used for expressing surprise or disapproval)

    whirl
vi. move or travel rapidly; move quickly round and round 飞速移动；旋转

    infant
n.  child during the first few years of its life 婴儿

    precious
a.  highly valued; of great value or beauty 珍贵的

    deserve
vt. Have a right to; be worthy of 值得

    illogical
a.  be against logic; without logic 不合逻辑的；无缘由的

    foreigner
n.  person belonging to a foreign country

    aggressive
a.  always ready to quarrel; not afraid of opposition; enterprising 挑衅的；放肆的；积极进取的

    greedy
a.  excessively eager to acquire; wanting to get more than one's share贪婪的

    semi-
pref. half

   idiot
n.  a very stupid or foolish person 白痴

    bet(bet or betted)
vt. be very sure; risk (money) on the result of a future event 确信；用……打赌

    fling (flung)
vt. move (oneself) violently, esp. in anger throw violently or with force 使（自己）猛扑；用力扔，掷

    hand-to-hand
a.  in close contact 逼近的，直接交手的

slaughter  
vt. kill (animals, people) in large numbers 屠杀

    siren 
n.  penetrating whistle as a warning 警报

    searchlight
n.  powerful light with a beam that can be turned in any direction 探照灯

    pounding
n.  a severe beating or blow 猛击

    pound v.

    reverberate
vi. echo repeatedly 回响

    log
n.  原木

    avenue
n.  wide street in a town

    giant
a.  of great size or force
n.  man, animal, or plant much larger than normal

    first
n.  拳头

    blast
vi. produce a hard sharp sound 发出刺耳响声

    cellar
n.  an underground room, usu. used for storing goods 地窖

    depart
vi. leave a place

    departure n.
 
    barricade
n.  barrier of objects put across or in front of sth. as a defense 障碍；街垒

    generator
n.  a machine which generates, usu. electricity

    movable
a.  that can be moved

    mob
n.  a large noisy and disorderly crowd, esp. one that has gathered for mischief or attack 一伙人；一群暴徒

    intermittent
a.  pausing or stopping at intervals; not continuous 断断续续的

    remind
vt. tell or cause (sb.) to remember 提醒

    military
a. connected with soldiers, armies 军事的

    vehicle
n.  a means of  carrying or transporting sth. 车辆（统称）

    piercing
a.  (of sound) very sharp and clear, esp. in an unpleasant way; penetrating 尖厉的；刺穿的

    pierce  v.

    give 
vi. bend; yield to pressure 弯曲；塌下

    pitch
n.  the degree of highness or lowness of a musical note or speaking voice 声音的高低，调子

    tune
vt. adjust (a radio or television receiver) to respond to waves of a particular frequency

    definitely
ad. without a doubt; clearly

    definite a.
  
    identify
vt. 认出；识别

    harmless
a.  that cannot cause harm

    harm  n.

    bruise
vt. injure the outside of 碰伤；使（皮肉）青肿

    clot
vt. 使（血等）凝块

    Amen
int. may this be true 阿门（基督教徒祈祷结束时的用语）

    hey
int. (used to call attention or express surprise)

    scare
vt. frighten

    gesture
n.  movement, usu. of the hands, to express a certain meaning 姿势，手势

    murmur
n.  a soft low sound

    half-hearted
a.  showing little effort and no real interest.

    wreckage
n.  the broken parts of a destroyed thing 残骸

    shaky
a.  shaking or unsteady

    block party
    (AmE) a party of celebration help in the street by the residents of a block or neighborhood, esp. to raise funds for a local church or block club

    carry-over
n.  sth. carried or left over 剩余物

    realization
n.  being or becoming conscious

    deaden
v.  (cause to) lose strength, feeling, brightness, etc.

    disquiet
vt. disturb

    phon(e)y 
a.  pretended; false

    laughter
n.  laughing 笑声

    desperately
ad. with little hope of success 绝望地；拼命地

    desperate a.

    underneath
prep. beneath; under

    naked
a.  not covered by clothes; nude 裸体的

    claw
vt. tear, seize, pull with claws or hand 用爪抓

    stairway
n.  楼梯

    destroy
vt. break to pieces; put an end to 摧毁

         PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  in the midst of
  in the middle of

  break up
  cease to be together 散开

  grad/get/take hold of 
  get possession of; grasp 抓住

  break down
  destroy
  
  fit in
  find space or room (for sth. or sb.)

  draw lots
  use lots to decide sth. 抽签

  make a / the difference 
  have an effect or influence; matter 有关系，有影响 

  come up
  grow louder, stronger or brighter

  head for
  move towards, go to

  figure out
  work out; understand (sth. or sb.) by thinking 解决，算出；理解，弄清楚

  or else
  otherwise; if not
  
mean business
  be ready to act ( not merely talk); be serous 是当真的

  pile up
  heap up 堆起

  get one's hands on 
  find; get possession of

  in the way of 
  in the matter of; as regards 在……方面； 关于

  go on
  be lit （灯）亮

  go off
  stop, discontinue
  
  call off
  stop or give the order to stop; cancel 停止；取消

  blow one's top 
  (sl.) explode with anger 在发脾气 

  hold……against 
  allow(sth) to affect one's judgement of (sb.) 因（某事）而嫉恨（某人）

  take up
  begin, undertake

  born of
  owing existence to; deriving or resulting from

         PROPER NAMES
  Stockton
  斯道克顿（姓氏）

  Henderson
  亨德森（姓氏）

  Marty Weiss
  马蒂.韦斯

  Jerry Harlowe
  杰雷.哈洛

  Conelrad (short for Control of Electromagnetic radiation)
  （美国）康纳雷民防广播体系（现已停止使用）

  Yellow Alert
  空袭预备警报

  Grace
  格雷斯（姓氏及女子名） 

  Paul
  保罗（男子名）

  Bennett
  贝内特大街

  Phil Kline
  菲尔.克兰    

             Unit 8

Text
    Daydreaming has always had reputation, but now scientific research has revealed that daydreaming may actually improve your mental health and creativity. It can even help you achieve your desired goals.

        Daydream a Little
           
                       Eugene Raudsepp

    "Daydreaming again, Barb? You'll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can't you find something useful to do?" Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents. And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered and unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. Some think it may be a very healthy thing to do.
    Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. Once it was thought that nighttime dreams interfered with our needed rest. But then researchers tried interrupting the dreams of sleepers. They learned that sleepers who aren't allowed to dream lost the benefits of rest. They become tense and anxious. They become irritable. They have trouble concentrating. Their mental health is temporarily damaged. To feel well again, they must be allowed to dream.
    Now researchers are finding that daydreaming may also be important to mental health. Daydreaming, they tell us, is a good means of relaxation. But its benefits go beyond this. A number of psychologists have conducted experiments and have reached some surprising conclusions.
    Dr. Joan T. Freyberg has concluded that daydreaming contributes to intellectual growth. It also improves concentration, attention span, and the ability to get along with others, she says. In an experiment with school children, this same researcher found that daydreaming led the children to pay more attention to detail. They had more happy feelings. They worked together better. Another researcher reported that daydreaming seemed to produce improved self-control and creative abilities.
    But that's only part of the story. The most remarkable thing about daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be. Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser believed that much of his success was due to the positive use of daydreaming. He maintained that "you can imagine your future." Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse. The young Thomas Edison pictured himself as an inventor. For these notable achievers, it appears that their daydreams came true.
    Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick believed that the way we picture ourselves is often the way we turn out. He offered this advice: "Hold a picture of yourself … in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it. Picture yourself vividly as defeated, and that will make victory impossible. Picture yourself as winning, and that will contribute immeasurably to success. Do not picture yourself as anything, and you will drift ……"
    The experiences of some athletes seem to confirm this belief. For instance, John Uelses, a former pole-vaulting champion, used daydreaming techniques before each meet. He would imagine himself winning. He would vividly picture himself clearing the bar at a certain height. He would go over all the details in his mind. He would picture the stadium and the crowds. He'd even imagine the smell of the grass and the earth. He said that this exercise of the imagination left memory traces in his mind that would later help his actual performance.
    Why would a mental vision of success help produce real success? Dr. Maxwel Maltz, a surgeon and author, say this: "Your nervous system cannot tell the difference between an imagined experience and real experience. In either case it reacts automatically to information that you give it ……  It reacts appropriately to what you think or imagine to be true."
   He believes that purposeful daydreaming builds new "memories" in the brain. These positive memories improve a person's self-image. And self-image has an important effect on a person's action and accomplishments.
   Can you use purposeful daydreaming to shape your own future? Why not try? Here is how those who believe in creative daydreaming recommend going about it. Choose a time when you can be alone and undisturbed. Close your eyes, to permit your imagination to soar more freely. Many people find that they get best results by pretending that they are sitting before a large screen. They project the desired image of themselves onto that screen.
    Now picture yourself —— as vividly as possible ——the way you want to be. Remember to picture your desired goals as if you had already attained them. Go over all the details of this picture. See them clearly and sharply. Impress them strongly on your memory. The resulting memory traces will supposedly start affecting your everyday life. They will help lead you to the attainment to your goals.
   Of course daydreaming is no substitute for hard work. If it's athletic achievement you want, you also have to get lots of practice in your sport. You have to work hard to develop skills. If it's school success you're after, you can't neglect studying Daydreaming alone can't turn you into your heart's desire. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development, it might make a critical difference. It could be the difference between becoming merely good at something and becoming a champion.
    If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn't as rich and rewarding as life can be. So they suggest setting aside a few minutes each day for daydreaming. By so doing, you may improve your physical and mental well-being. By taking a ten-or fifteen-minute "vacation" into the realm of imagination each day, you may add much to the excitement and enjoyment of your life. And who knows: You might see your own daydreams come true.

            New words
    hostile
a.  unfriendly; belonging to an enemy 敌对的

    view
vt. consider, regard

    escape
n. & v. 逃跑；逃避

    nighttime
a.  occurring at night

    interfere
vi. get in the way of another 干涉；妨碍

    interference  n.

    researcher
n.  advantage, profit, good effect 益处

    tense
a.  feeling or showing nervous anxiety 紧张的

    irritable
a.  easily annoyed or made angry

    means 
n.  method or way

    psychologist
n.  person who has studied or is skilled in psychology 心理学家

    contribute
vi. help in bringing about 贡献 

    growth
n.  growing; development

    concentration
n.  concentrating or being concentrated 

    span
n.  length of time during which sth. Continuses or works well 一段时间

    self-control
n.  control of one's own feelings, behavior, etc.

    creative
a.  having the power to create; inventive

    remarkable
a.  deserving attention; unusual, out of the ordinary 显著的；非凡的

    shape
vt. influence and determine the course or form of 形成，塑造

    industrialist
n.  one owing an industry or engaged in its management

    maintain
vt. state or assert as true; keep up 断言；维持

    picture
vt. imagine; make a picture of

    inventor
n.  a person who  makes up or produces sth. new

    notable
a.  outstanding; worthy of notice 著名的；值得注意的

    achiever
n.  one who achieves; winner

    vividly 
ad. in a lively manner 生动地；逼真的

    vivid a.

    immeasurably
ad. to an extent or degree too great to be measured; beyond measure

    driftvi. float or be driven along by wind, waves or currents 漂（流）

    athlete
n.  person who is trained and skilled in physical exercises and who competes in games that need strength and speed 运动员

    pole-vaulting
n.  jumping with the help of a long pole held in the hand 撑竿跳 

    champion
n.  person or team taking the first place in competition 冠军

    meet 
n.  (AmE) gathering esp. for competitive sports

    clear
vt. get past or over without touching

    bar
n.  横竿；杆；条状物

    stadium
n.  露天体育场 

    trace
n.  mark showing that sb. or sth. has existed or happened 痕迹

    memory trace 
    chemical change occurring in the brain when new information is absorbed and remembered 记忆痕（脑部吸收或记忆信息时所产生的化学变化）

    vision
n.  sth. seen in the mind's eye; the power of imagination 想象（力）

    automatically
ad. 自动地；无意识地

    automatic a.

    appropriately
ad. properly, suitably

    appropriate a.

    purposeful
a.  having a conscious purpose

    self-image
n.  view of oneself 自我形象

    accomplishment
n.  sth. completely and successfully done 成就

    recommend
vt. advise or suggest; speak favorably of 建议；推荐

    soar
vi. fly or go up  high in the air; rise 翱翔；升腾

    screen
n.  white surface on which cinema films, TV programs, etc. are sown 银幕；屏幕

    project
vt. cause a picture from a film or slide to fall on a surface, etc. 映，投射

    goal 
n.  one's aim or purpose 目标 

    attain
vt. succeed in arriving at, esp. after effort, reach 获得；达到

    attainment
n.  the act of attaining; (usu. pl) sth. successfully reached or learnt, esp. a skill

    substitute
n.  a person or thing acting in place of another 代替者；代用品

    athletic 
a.  having to do with active games and sports;  of or concerning athletes

    achievement
n.  sth. successfully finished or gained 成就

    after
prep. in pursuit of; in search of

    neglect
vt. pay no attention to; give no or not enough care to 忽视

    combination
n.  joining or putting together 结合

    method
n.  way of doing sth.

    merely
ad. only; simply

    well-being
n.  health and happiness; welfare 康乐；安康

    vacation
n.  time of rest and freedom from work of school; holiday

    realm
n.  area;  kingdom 领域；王国

    enjoyment
n.  the act or fact of enjoying; pleasure;  satisfaction

          PHRASES & EXPRESSION
  amount to 
  develop into; be equal to 

  interfere with 
  hinder, affect; interrupt 干扰；妨碍

  contribute to 
  help to achieve; give help towards 有助于

  get along with 
  have a friendly relationship with

  due to
  because of; cause by 

  come true
  happen just as was wished, expected, or dreamt

  go about
  make a start at; undertake 着手做

         PROPER NAMES
  Barb
  巴勃（女子名，Barbara 的昵称）

  Joan T. Freyberg 
  琼.T.弗赖伯格

  Kaiser
  凯泽（姓氏）

  Florence Nightingale
  佛洛伦斯.南丁格尔

  Fosdick
  福斯迪克（姓氏）

  Uelses
  尤尔塞斯（姓氏）

  Maxwell Maltz 
  马克斯韦尔.莫尔茨 

             Unit 9

Text
    In the last days of World War 11, Adolf Hitler and his closest associates had sought shelter in a command bunker before the fall of Berlin. He knew that defeat was close at hand and that he must prepare for his own death. Here is a detailed description of how he ended his life. 

            The Death of Hitler

                      William L. Shirer
    During the afternoon of April 29, news arrived at the bunker where Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were separated from the outside world. Mussolini, Hitler's fellow fascist dictator and partner in aggression, had met his end, and it had been shared by his mistress, Clara Petacci.
    They had been caught by Italian guerrillas on April 27 while trying to escape to Switzerland and executed after a brief trial. On the Saturday night of April 28 the bodies were brought to Milan in a truck and dumped on the town square. The next day they were strung up by the heels from lampposts and later cut down so that throughout the rest of Sunday, they lay in the gutter. On May Day Benito Mussolini was buried beside his mistress in the paupers' plot of a Milan cemetery. In such a horrible climax of degradation Mussolini and Fascism passed into history.
    It is not know how many of the details of Mussolini's shabby end were communicated to the Fuehrer. One can only guess that if he heard many of them he was only strengthened in his resolve not to allow himself or his bride to be made a spectacle —— not their live selves or their bodies.
    Shortly after receiving the news of Mussolini's death, Hitler began to make the final preparations for his. He had his favorite Alsatian dog poisoned and two other dogs in the household shot. Then he called in his two remaining women secretaries and handed them capsules of poison to use if they wished to when the advancing Russians broke in. He was sorry, he said, not to be able to give them a better farewell gift, and he expressed his appreciation for their long and loyal service.
    Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler's life. He instructed Mrs. Junge, one of his secretaries, to destroy the remaining papers in his files, and he sent out word that no one in the bunker was to go to bed until further orders. This was interpreted by all as meaning that he judged the time had come to make his farewells. But it was not until long after midnight, at about 2:30 AM of April 30, as several witnesses recall, that the Fuehrer emerged from his private quarters and appeared in the general dining passage where some 20 persons, mostly the women members of his group of associates, were assembled. He walked down the line shaking hand with each and mumbling a few words that were inaudible. There was a heavy film of moisture on his eyes and, as Mrs. Junge remembered, "They seemed to be looking far away, beyond the walls of the bunker."
    After he retired, a curious thing happened. The tension which had been building up to an almost unendurable point in the bunker broke, and several persons went to the canteen —— to dance. The weird party soon became so noisy that word was sent from the Fuehrer's quarters requesting more quiet. The Russians might come in a few hours and kill them all —— though most of them were already thinking of how they could escaped —— but in the meantime, for a brief spell, now that the Fuehrer's strict control of their lives was over, they would seek pleasure where and how they  could find it. The sense of relief among these people seems to have been enormous, and they danced on through the night.
    Berlin was no longer defensible. The Russians already had occupied almost all of the city. It was now merely a question of the defense of he Chancellery. It too was doomed, as Hitler and Bormann learned at the situation conference at noon on April 30, the last that was ever to take place. The Russians were just a block away. The hour for Adolf Hitler to carry out his resolve had come.
    His bride apparently had no appetite for lunch that day, and Hitler took his meal with his two secretaries and with his vegetarian cook, who perhaps did not realize that she had prepared his last meal. While they were finishing their lunch at about 2:30 PM, Erich Kempka, the Fuehrer's chauffeur, who was in charge of the Chancellery garage, received an order to deliver immediately 200 liters of gasoline in cans to the Chancellery garden. Kempka had some difficulty in rounding up so much fuel, but he managed to collect some 180 liters and with the help of three men carried it to the emergency exit of the bunker.
    While the oil to provide the first for the Viking funeral was being collected, Hitler, having done with his last meal, fetched Eva Braun for another and final farewell to his most intimate collaborators: Dr. Goebbels, Generals Krebs and Burgdorf, the secretaries, and Miss Manzialy, the cook.
    They finished their farewells and retired to their rooms. Outside in the passageway, Dr. Goebbels, Bormann and a few others waited. In a few moments a revolver shot was heard. They waited for a second one, but there was only silence. After a decent interval they quietly entered the Fuehrer's quarters. They found the body of Adolf Hitler sprawled on the sofa dripping blood. He had shot himself in the mouth. At this side lay Eva Braun. Two revolvers had fallen to the floor, but the bride had not used hers. She had swallowed poison.
    It was 3:30 PM on Monday, April 30, 1945, ten days after Adolf Hitler's fifty-sixth birthday, and twelve years and three months to the day since he had become Chancellor of Germany and had instituted the Third Reich. It would survive him but a week.

            NEW WORDS
    bunker
n.  strongly-built shelter for soldiers, esp. one built underground 地堡

    fascist
a.  法西斯主义的
n.  法西斯分子

    dictator
n.  a ruler who has absolute power over a country, esp. one who has obtained such power by force 独裁者

    partner
n.  伙伴

    aggression
n.  the starting of a war, fight, or quarrel without just cause 侵略

    mistress
n.  情妇

    Italian
a.  意大利的
n.  意大利人；意大利语

    guer(r)illa
n.  游击队员

    execute
vt. kill (sb.) by law; carry out, perform 处死；实施，执行

    executive
a. & n. 

    dump
vt. drop or unload (sth.) in a heap or carelessly 倾倒

    string
vt. hang with a string or rope

    heel
n.  （脚）后跟

    lamppost
n.  post for a street lamp 路灯柱

    pauper
n.  a person with no means of livelihood, esp. one who is supported by charity 贫民

    plot
n.  a piece of land (usu. small)

    cemetery
n.  place for burying the dead 公墓；墓地

    horrible
a.  causing a feeling of great shock, fear or dislike

    horror n.
 
    climax
n.  the point of greatest interest or intensity 高潮

    degradation
n.  羞辱

    Fascism
n.  法西斯主义

    shabby
a.  dishonourable; mean; worn out 不光彩的；卑鄙的；破旧的

    Fuehrer
n.  （德）元首

    strengthen
v.  make or become strong(er) 加强

    resolve
n.  resolution 决心

    bride
n.  a girl or woman just married or about to be married 新娘

    spectacle 
n.  an object of contempt or disrespect; a public show or scene 引入鄙视的对象；场面

    preparation
n.  things done to get ready for sth.

    Alsatian
a.  阿尔萨斯的
n.  阿尔萨斯狼犬

    poison
vt. 毒死，放毒
n.  毒药

    farewell
n.  goodbye

    appreciation
n.  understanding of the qualities or worth of sth.; grateful feelings 欣赏；感激

    loyal
a.  true to one's friends, group, country, etc. faithful 忠诚的

    instruct
vt. give orders or directions to 命令；指示

    file
n.  卷宗；档案

    word
n.  order

    interpret
vt. explain or tell the likely meaning of (sth.)

    interpretation n.

    private
a.  personal; one's own 私人的；个人的

    mostly
ad. chiefly; almost all

    associate 
n.  a person connected with another, esp. in work

    assemble
vt. gather or collect together 集合

    inaudible
a.  that can not be heard

    moisture
n.  slight wetness; water or other liquid spread in small drops in the air or on a surface 潮湿，湿气

    retire
vi. withdraw; go away 退出

    unendurable
a.  unbearable

    canteen
n.  a place in a military camp, factory, etc. where people may buy and eat food, meals, drinks, sweets, etc. 食堂

    weird
a.  strange; unnatural

    request
vt. Demand politely 请求

    meantime
n. & ad. (in) the time between

    spell
n.  a period of time

    strict
a.  rigid 严厉的

    relief
n.  the fact or state of lessening or freeing from anxiety, fear, or pain （忧虑等的）减轻，解除

    enormous
a.  very large

    defensible
a.  that can be defended

    doom
vt. cause to suffer sth. unavoidable and unpleasant, such as death or destruction 

    noon
n.  midday

    apparently
ad. evidently; it seems (that)

    apparent a.

    vegetarian
a.  relating to a person who eats vegetables but no meat （有关）素食的

    chauffeur
n.  a person employed to drive someone's car

    liter
n.  （容量单位）升

    gasoline
n.  汽油 

    fuel
n.  燃料
 
    intimate
a.  close in relationship 亲密的

    collaborator
n.  partner in an activity 协作者，同伙

    passageway
n.  走廊 

    revolver
n.  左轮手枪

    decent
a.  right and suitable 合宜的；得休的

    interval 
n.  time between two events 间隔

    sofa
n.  沙发

    drip
v.  fall or let fall in drops

    swallow
vt. 吞咽

    chancellor
n.  chief minister of state (in some countries e.g. Germany)总理（或首相）

    institute
vt. set up for the first time 建立

        PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  meet one's end 
  die

  string up
  hang (sth.) high with strings; put to death by hanging 用绳吊起；吊死

  call in
  ask to come or go in

  break in
  enter a building by force （非法）强行进入

  build up 
  increase, strengthen gradually

  in the meantime
  meanwhile

  in charge of
  responsible for

  round up
  collect, gather together 集拢

  have done with 
  finish with; stop doing or using 结束；终止

  to a/ the day
  exactly (in time)

          PROPER NAMES
  Adolf Hitler
  阿道夫.希特勒

  Eva Braun
  爱娃.勃劳恩

  Benito Mussolini
  本尼托.墨索里尼

  Clara Petacci
  克拉拉.贝塔西

  Switzerland
  瑞士

  Milan
  米兰（意大利城市）

  May Day
  劳动节

  the Fuehrer 
  元首（纳粹统治时期对希特勒的称呼）

  Junge
  荣格（姓氏）

  Berlin
  柏林（德国首都）

  the Chancellery
  （德国）总理府

  Bormann
  鲍曼（姓氏）

  Erich Kempka
  埃里希.肯普卡

  Viking
  （八至十世纪劫掠欧洲海岸的）北欧海盗

  Goebbels
  戈培尔（姓氏）

  Krebs 
  克莱勃斯（姓氏）

  Burgdorf
  布克道夫（姓氏）

  Manzialy
  曼齐阿里（姓氏）

  the Third Reich
  第三帝国

             Unit 10

Text      
    Alvin Toffler writes about the fact that technology is advancing much faster today than ever before in history. The symbols of technology are no longer factory smokestacks or assembly lines. As we are headed for the future, the pace will quicken still further.

   The Fantastic Spurt in Technology

                             A. Toffler
    To most people the term technology conjures up images of smoky steel mills or noisy machines. Perhaps the classic representation of technology is still the assembly line created by Henry Ford half a century ago and made into a social symbol by Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times. This symbol, however, has always been inadequate and misleading, for technology has always been more than factories and machines. The invention of the horse collar in the middle ages led to major changes in agricultural methods and was as much a technological advance as the invention of the Bessemer furnace centuries later. Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. It includes ways to make chemical reactions occur, ways to breed fish, plant forests, light theaters, count votes or teach history.
    The old symbols of technology are even more misleading today, when the most advanced technological processes are carried out far from assembly lines or blast furnaces. Indeed, in electronics, in space technology, in most of the new industries, quiet and clean surroundings are characteristic -- even sometimes essential. And the assembly line -- the organization of large numbers of men to carry out simple repetitive functions -- is outdated. It is time for our symbols of technology to change -- to catch up with the quickening change in technology itself.
    This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. It has been pointed out, for example, that in 6000 BC the fastest transportation available to man over long distances was the camel caravan, averaging eight miles per hour (mph). It was not until about 1600 BC when the chariot was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour.
    So impressive was this invention, so difficult was it to exceed this speed limit, that nearly 3,500 years later, when the first mail coach began operating in England in 1784, it averaged a mere ten mph. The first steam locomotive, introduced in 1825, could have a top speed of only thirteen mph and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less tan half that speed. It was probably not until the 1880's that man, with the help of a more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph. It took the human race millions of years to attain that record.
    It took only fifty-eight years, however, to go four times that fast, so that by 1938 men in airplanes were traveling at better than 400 mph. It took a mere twenty-year flick of time to double the limit again. And by the 1960's rocket plants approached speeds of 4,00 mph. and men in space capsules were circling the earth at 18,000 mph.
    Whether we examine distances traveled, altitudes reached, or minerals mined, the same accelerative trend is obvious. The pattern, here and in a thousand other statistical series, is absolutely clear and unmistakable. Thousands of years go by, and then, in our won times, a sudden bursting of the limits, a fantastic spurt forward.
    The reason for this is tat technology feeds on itself. Technology makes more technology possible, as we can see if we look for a moment at the process of innovation. Technological innovation consists of three stages, linked together into a self-reinforcing cycle. First, there is the creative, feasible idea. Second, its practical application. Third, its diffusion through society.
    The process is completed, the loop closed, when the diffusion of technology embodying the new idea, in turn, helps generate new creative ideas. Today there is evidence that the time between each of the steps in this cycle has been shortened.
    Thus it is not merely true, as frequently noted, that 90 percent of all the scientists who ever lived are now alive, and that new scientific discoveries are being mad every day. These new ideas are put to work much more quickly than ever before. The time between the first and second stages of the cycle -- between idea and application -- has been radically reduced. This is a striking difference between ourselves and our ancestors. It is not that we are more eager or less lazy than our ancestors, but we have, with the passage of time, invented all sorts of social device to hasten the process.
    But if it takes less time to bring a new idea to the marketplace, it also takes less time for it to sweep through the society. For example, the refrigerator was introduced in the United States before 1920, yet its peak production did not come until more than thirty years later. However, by 1950 -- in only a few years -- television had grown from a laboratory novelty to the biggest part of show business. So the interval between the second and third stages of the cycle -- between application and diffusion -- has likewise been cut, and the pace of diffusion is rising with astonishing speed. 
    The stepped-up pace of invention, application and diffusion, in turn, accelerates the whole cycle still further. For new machines or techniques are not merely a product, but a source, of fresh creative ideas.

          NEW WORDS
    fantastic
a.  unbelievably large or great 极大的；难以置信的

    spurt
n.  a short sudden increase of activity, effort or speed; burst 猛增；突然加速；迸发

    conjure
vt. cause (sth.) to appear in the mind 唤起；使想起

    smoky
a.  giving out much smoke

    mill
n.  factory or workshop

    classic
a.  typical 经典的，典型的

    representation
n.  sth. that represents 代表

    represent vt.

    symbol
n.  sign, mark, or object which represents a person, idea, value, etc. 象征

    inadequate
a.  not adequate; insufficient

    misleading
a.  causing wrong conclusions; causing mistakes

    mislead vt.

    invention
n.  the act of inventing; sth. invented

    horse collar
    马轭

    agricultural
a.  of agriculture

    furnace
n.  熔炉，炉子

    apply
vt. put into use or operation 应用，运用

    occur
vt. take place; happen

    breed
vt. raise (esp. animals) 饲养

    vote
n.  选票；选举（权）

    advanced
a.  far on in development; modern

    blast
n.  鼓风；送风

    blast furnace
    鼓风炉；高炉

    electronics
n.  电子技术；电子学

    surroundings
n.  (used with a pl. v. ) everything around and about a place; conditions of life 环境

    characteristic
a.  showing the individual character 表示特性的

    essential
a.  necessary; most important

    organization
n.  the act of organizing; an organized body or system

    repetitive
n.  the act of organizing; an organized body or system

    repetitive
a.  of or characterized by the act of repeating

    repetition  n.

    function
n.  special duty (of a person) or purpose (of a thing) 职责，功能，作用

    outdated
a.  no longer in general use; old-fashioned 过时的

    quicken
v.  make or become quick(er)

    acceleration
n.  加速

    dramatize
vt. put into dramatic from; express or represent (sth.) in a dramatic or exaggerated way

    account 
n.  report or description

    transportation
n.  the business of carrying people or goods from  one place to another 运输

    transport vt.

    BC abbr.
    Before ( the birth of) Christ 公元前

    available
a.  capable of being got, obtained, used, etc. 可获得的；可利用的

    camel 
n.  骆驼

    caravan
n.  (往返于沙漠地带的）商队

    average
vt. have as an average 平均为

    per
prep. for each 每

    mph
abbr. miles per hour

    chariot
n.  two-wheeled carriage pulled by horses （古时）双轮马拉战车

    maximum 
n. & a. (being) the largest number, amount, etc.

    roughly
ad. about; more or less but not exactly

    impressive
a.  making a deep impression on the mind and feelings 给人深刻的印象的

    exceed
vt. go or be beyond a limit, measure, or degree 超过

    coach
n.  large, old-fashioned, closed carriage pulled by  horses 四轮大马车

    operate
v.  (cause to ) work, be in action

    mere
a.  nothing more than

    locomotive
a.  railway engine 火车头

    race 
n.  main division of any living things; nation or tribe 属；人种

    airplane
n.  飞机

    flick
n.  sudden, light blow or stroke; sudden short movement 轻弹；突然的轻快动作

    rocket
n.  火箭

    capsule
n.  the part of a spaceship in which the pilots live and work and from which the engine is separate when the takeoff is completed 宇宙密封舱

    altitude
n.  高，（尤指海拔）高度

    mineral
n.  矿物，矿石

    accelerative
a.  加速的

    trend
n.  general direction; tendency 趋向；倾向

    pattern
n.  the way in which sth. happens or develops 模式

    statistical 
a.  统计的；统计学的

    unmistakable
a.  clearly recognizable

    innovation
n.  the introduction of sth. new; new idea, method, or invention 革新；新方法

    stage 
n.  point, period or step in development 阶段；时期

    cycle 
n.  series of events taking place in a regularly repeated order 循环；周期

    feasible
a.  capable or being carried out or done; possible 可行的

    diffusion
n.  the act of spreading out (knowledge, etc.) widely 扩散；传播

    embody
vt. give form to express 体现

    generate
vt. cause to exist or occur; produce 发生；产生

    shorten
v.  make or become shorter

    scientific
a.  of science; guided by the rules of science

    radically
ad. fundamentally; essentially; extremely

    striking
a.  very noticeable; attracting attention 显著的

    ancestor
n.  祖先

    marketplace
n.  square or open place in a town where a market is held

    refrigerator
n.  冰箱

    frige
n.  refrigerator

    peak
n.  the highest point or level; the pointed top fo a mountain or hill 顶峰；山峰

    novelty
n.  sth. new and unusual; innovation 新奇的事物       

    novel
a.  新颖的，新奇的
    likewise
ad. in the same way

    astonishing 
a.  very surprising; amazing

    stepped-up
a.  increased in size, speed, or extent

    accelerate
v.  (cause to) move faster 加速

          PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
  conjure up
  cause to appear as a picture in the mind 使联想起

  labo(u)r along
  move slowly and with difficulty

  go by
  pass ( in place or time)

  feed on
  (of animals) live on (food); draw strength, support or satisfaction from

  in turn
  in proper sequence or succession 依次，轮流，转而

  put to work 
  apply

              PROPER NAMES
  Henry Ford
  亨利.福特

  Charlie Chaplin
  查利.卓别麟

  Bessemer
  贝西默（姓氏）